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Naya Y, Yoshida M, Ito A, Shibata S, Miyashita Y

    In our previous studies, neurons in area 36 (A36) and area TE showed stimulus-selective responses that provided mnemonic linkage between different stimuli during the pair-association task.  In this study, we examined the spatial distribution of these neurons within A36 and TE.  We recorded neuronal responses from both areas in three macaque monkeys (three hemispheres) and isolated 406 neurons (A36, 100; TE, 306) that showed stimulus- selective responses (P<0.01).  After the recording session, we histologically reconstructed the positions of the recorded neurons and projected them to layer IV.  The projected positions were plotted on a two-dimensional unfolded map.  We found that the stimulus-selective neurons tended to aggregate into several clusters on the map.  We observed a single cluster in A36 and two to four clusters in TE for each map.  To characterize mnemonic role of these clusters, we defined the pair-coding index (PCI) for each stimulus-selective neuron and quantified the single-cell code of linkage between the paired stimuli.  The PCI values for the neurons in the A36 clusters were significantly greater (P<0.05) than those in the TE clusters that showed the highest PCI values of all the TE clusters in the individual maps.

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Tokuyama W, Okuno H, Miyashita Y

    In primates, visual long-term memory of objects is presumably stored in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in activity-dependent neural reorganization, we tested the hypothesis that BDNF would be upregulated in IT cortex during formation of visual pair-association memory. To eliminate genetic and cognitive variations between individual animals, we used split-brain monkeys for intra- animal comparison in PCR-based mRNA quantitation. The monkeys learned a pair-association (PA) task using one hemisphere and a control visual task using the other, to balance the amount of visual input. We found that BDNF was upregulated selectively in area 36 of IT cortex during PA learning, but not in areas involved in earlier stages of visual processing. In situhybridizationshowed that BDNF-expressing cells werelocalized in a patchlike cluster.The results suggest that BDNF contributes to reorganization of neural circuits for visual long-term memory formation in the primate.

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Hashimoto T, Miyashita Y

    The primate rhinal cortex, consisting of areas 36 and 35 of the perirhinal cortex and the entorhinal cortex (area 28), plays a crucial role in perception and memory. We investigated the expression of messenger RNAs for brain- derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, as well as those for their respective tyrosine kinase receptors, TrkB and TrkC, in the monkey rhinal cortex. Results from in situ hybridization revealed that each of these messenger RNAs was expressed in neurons with distinct laminar and areal patterns of distribution. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA was principally detected in layers V/VI of area 36, and layers II/III and V of the entorhinal cortex. Some of the messenger RNA-positive cells in the deep layers of the rhinal cortex were confirmed to exhibit a pyramidal cell-like morphology.
    Neurotrophin-3 messenger RNA expression was confined to layers II/III of the entorhinal cortex. In contrast, trkB and trkC messenger RNAs were expressed rather homogeneously and abundantly throughout the rhinal cortex.The laminar and cellular distributions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 messenger RNAs indicate the predominant expression of these neurotrophins in projection neurons. These results suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 regulate neuronal connectivities of forward and backward projections from the rhinal cortex and contribute to functional reorganization underlying the formation and maintenance of long-term memory in primates.


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Copyright(C) 2002 National Institute for Physiological Sciences