$B!!(B$B@8M}3X8&5f=jG/Js(B$B!!Bh(B27$B4,(B
$B!!(B$B8&5f3hF0Js9p(B $BG/JsL\<!$XLa$k(B$B@8M}8&%[!<%`%Z!<%8$X(B

$BE}9g%P%$%*%5%$%(%s%9%;%s%?!<(B

$B;~7ONs@8L?8=>]8&5fNN0h(B

$B!Z35MW![(B

$B!!8&5f<!$Am8&Bg@8(B1$BL>!$2J8&Hq$K$h$kHs>o6P8&5f0w(B1$BL>$,2C$o$j!$8&5fBN@)$,6/2=$5$l$?!#A0G/$N@.2L$rEZBf$H$7$F!$%$%*%s%A%c%M%k4XO"J,;R$N2r@O$H!$1?F05!G=$K4X$o$k?@7P2sO)5!G=$N2r@O$r!$J,;R@8J*3X!$EE5$@8M}3X!$F0J*MhEE0L%;%s%5!<$O%$%*%s%A%c%M%k8GM-$N9=B$$GKlEE0L%7%0%J%k$O:YK&Kl$r2p$9$k%$%*%s$N=PF~$j$r4pHW$H$9$k$H9M$($i$l$F$-$?!#%[%d$N%2%N%`$NLVMeE*2r@O$+$iEE0L%;%s%5!<$H%[%9%U%!%?!<%<$r0lJ,;RFb$KJ;$;;}$D?75,J,;R(B(Ci-VSP)$B$rF1Dj$7!$KlEE0L%7%0%J%k$,=>MhCN$i$l$F$-$?0J>e$KI}9-$$8=>]$K4X$o$k2DG=@-$r<(:6$7$?!#$^$?@TDGF0J*$N@8M}5!G=$N?J2=$H$N4X78$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$?$aB?MM$J@8J*pJs$+$iLVMeE*$J%$%*%s%A%c%M%k0dEA;R$NH/8=MM<0$rL@$i$+$K$7$?!#(BGABA$B$d%0%j%7%s$r2p$7$?H/@8ES>e$N6=J3$,Jb9T1?F0$d@T?qH?+-Cl- contransporter isoform 2 (KCC2)$B$rH/C#2aDx$N%^%&%9@T?q$K6/@)H/8=$5$;?@7P2sO)7A@.2aDx$GEAC#J*uBV$G2D;k2=$7$?%H%i%s%9%8%'%K%C%/%<%V%i%U%#%C%7%e$r:n@=$9$k$3$H$K@.8y$7(Bin vivo$B%Q%C%A%/%i%s%W$rE,MQ$9$k$3$H$K$h$jF(Hr9TF0$HM71K9TF0$K0[$J$k

 

$BEE0L46

$BB $B4d:j9-1Q(B
Mohamed Israil Hossain
$B9u@nN55*(B
$BLZB$BElEgbC0l(B
$B2,B<9/;J(B

$B!!%[%d$N%2%N%`$+$i!$EE0L0MB8@-%A%c%M%k$NEE0L%;%s%5!<$r$b$A$J$,$i%$%*%s$NDL2aIt0L!J%]%"NN0h!K$r$b$?$:!$$+$o$j$K(BC$BKvB&$K%[%9%U%!%?!<%<%I%a%$%s$r$b$DJ,;R$rF1Dj$7$?!#(BVSP$B$HL?L>$5$l$?$3$NJ,;R$O!$%$%N%7%H!<%k%j%s;ipJs$KE>49$9$k!$KlEE0L$N?.9fEAC#$N?7$7$$7PO)$G$"$k!#$3$l$i$NJ,;R$NB8:_$O!$KlEE0L%7%0%J%k$,=>Mh9M$($i$l$F$-$?$h$&$K3hF0EE0L$J$I$N7A@.$K8BDj$5$l$k$N$G$O$J$/!$MM!9$J@8J*8=>]$K4X$o$k2DG=@-$r<(:6$7$F$$$k!#8=:_!$(BVSP$B$G$N(B1$BJ,;RFb$NEE0L%;%s%5!<$NF0:n$,$I$N$h$&$K9ZAG3h@-$NJQ2=$r$b$?$i$9$N$+!$$^$?(BVSP$B$,$I$N$h$&$J@8J*8=>]$K$*$1$kKlEE0LJQ2=$KBP1~$7$F5!G=$7$F$$$k$N$+!$S.F}N`$K8GM-$N@8M}5!G=$N?J2=$H$I$N$h$&$J4X78$,$"$k$+!$$J$I$rL@$i$+$K$9$k8&5f$r?k9T$7$F$$$k!#(B

 

$BEE0L0MB8@-%W%m%H%s%A%c%M%kJ,;R$NF1Dj$HJ,;R5!G=$N2r@O(B

$B:4!9LZ??M}(B
$BBg2OFbA1;K(B
$B9u@nN55*(B
$B9bLZ@59@(B
$B2,B<9/;J(B

$B!!(BVSP$B0J30$KEE0L%;%s%5!<%I%a%$%s$r$b$DCAGr$,B>$K$b$"$k$N$G$O$H9M$(!$(BWuBlast2$B$rMQ$$$F%G!<%?%Y!<%9$r8!:w$7$?$H$3$m!$@TDGF0J*$N%2%N%`>pJs$*$h$S(BEst$B$N>pJs$+$i!$EE0L%;%s%5!<$r$b$DJL$NJ,;R$rF1Dj$7$?!#$3$NJ,;R$OEE0L%;%s%5!<%I%a%$%s$N$_$rM-$7%]%"NN0h$r$b$?$J$$$,(B(VSOP=voltage sensor-only protein1)$B!$6C$/$Y$-$3$H$KEE0L0MB8@-%W%m%H%s%A%c%M%k3h@-$r$b$D$3$H$,L@$i$+$K$J$C$?!#(BVSOP1$B$O%^%/%m%U%!!<%8$J$ILH1V7O$N:YK&$KB?$/H/8=$7!$KlEE0L$r2p$9$k3h@-;@AG$N;:@8$d:YK&Fb4D6-$N@)8f$K4X$o$C$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(BVSOP$B$O!$:#8e46@wKI8f5!9=$dg186IB!$%"%l%k%.!e$G=EMW$J%?!<%2%C%HJ,;R$H9M$($i$l$k!#99$K(BVSOP$B$N%7%s%W%k$J9=B$$H5!G=$N%f%K!<%/$5$+$i!$$3$NJ,;RF0:n86M}$N2r@O$O!$:#8e%$%*%s%A%c%M%k$NF0:n86M}0lHL$d!$MM!9$J@8L?8=>]$K4X$o$k%W%m%H%s$NF)2a5!9=$J$I$rM}2r$9$k>e$G!$=EMW$J;kE@$rDs6!$9$k$H4|BT$5$l$k!#(B

$B!!8=:_!$$I$N$h$&$JJ,;R5!9=$K$h$jKlEE0L$r46CN$7%W%m%H%s$NM"Aw$r@)8f$9$k$N$+$rL@$i$+$K$7$h$&$H$7$F$$$k!#$^$?(BVSOP1$B$N%N%C%/%"%&%H%^%&%9$N:n@.$r9T$C$F$$$k!#(B

 

$B:YK&KlN"BG$ACAGr%"%s%-%j%s$K$h$kEE0L0MB8@-%J%H%j%&%`%A%c%M%k(BNav1.6$B$N@-

$BGrH(X*H~!J;37ABg3X>.;y2J3X65< $BAa:d!!@6!J;37ABg3X>.;y2J3X65< $B4d:j9-1Q(B
$B9bLZ@59@(B
$B2,B<9/;J(B

$B!!:YK&Kl$G$NKlEE0L?.9f$,:YK&Fb$N2=3X>pJs$KJQ49$5$l$kJ,;R5!9=$rC4$&%$%*%s%A%c%M%kJ,;RJ#9gBN$N9=@.$H@)8f$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$3$H$rL\E*$H$7!$<4:w$K6I:_$76=J3$NEAHB$K4X$o$k%$%*%s%A%c%M%kJ,;R$G$"$kEE0L0MB8@-(BNav$B%A%c%M%k(BNav1.6$B$N@)8f5!9=$r2r@O$7$?!#EE0L0MB8@-(BNav$B%A%c%M%k$O!$<4:w(Bnode of Ranvier$B$K=8@Q$9$k$,$3$N=8@Q$K$O(BAnkyrin-G$BCAGr$K$h$k:YK&FbB&$+$i$NN"BG$A$,I,?\$G$"$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$-$?!#(BAnkyrin-G$B$OMM!9$JKlCAGr$r=8@Q$5$;$k$3$H$G!$@8M}E*J8L.$KI,MW$J5!G=E*:YK&Kl%I%a%$%s$r7A@.$9$kLr3d$,$"$k$H9M$($i$l$F$-$?!#$7$+$7!$$=$N0lJ}(BAnkyrin$B$,D>@\Aj8_:nMQ$9$kKlCAGr$NJ,;R5!G=$r@)8f$9$k$+$I$&$+$OL@$i$+$G$J$+$C$?!#(BtsA201$B:YK&$rMQ$$$F6/@)H/8=/$5$;$k$3$H$r8+=P$7$?!#$3$NCN8+$O!$$3$l$^$G$b$C$Q$iKlCAGrJ,;R$N=8@Q$K4X$o$k$H$5$l$F$-$?(BAnkyrin$BJ,;R$,!$KlCAGr5!G=$rD>@\@)8f$9$k$3$H$,<($5$l$?=i$a$F$NNc$G$"$k!#(B

 

$B%<%V%i%U%#%C%7%e$rMQ$$$?!$@T?q?@7P2sO)LV$N2r@O(B

$BLZB $B:4F#@i7C(B
$BElEgbC0l(B

$B!!6aG/$N@T?q?@7PH/@88&5f$K$h$j!$$$$/$D$+$NE>\$7$$2r@O$r9T$C$?!#(BChx10$B$K4X$7$F!$$=$NM[@-:YK&$,$I$N$h$&$J?@7P:YK&$XJ,2=$7$F$$$/$+$r!$%H%i%s%9%8%'%K%C%/%U%#%C%7%e$r:n@=$7$F2r@O$7$?!#$=$N7k2L!$(BChx10$BM[@-:YK&$O$9$Y$FF1B&2<9T@-?@7P:YK&$G$"$j!$$^$?%0%k%?%_%s;@:nF0@-$N6=J3@-?@7P:YK&$G$"$k$3$H$rL@$i$+$K$7$?!#(BChx10$BM[@-:YK&$O!$$=$N3hF0%Q%?!<%s$+$i$*$*$^$+$K(B2$Bo$NM71K9TF0$G%U%'!<%8%C%/$KH/2P$9$k$b$N$H$,B8:_$7$?!#$D$$$G!$1?F0%K%e!<%m%s$H$N(B2$B:YK&F1;~5-O?$r9T$$!$$I$A$i$N%?%$%W$b1?F0%K%e!<%m%s$KD>@\%7%J%W%97k9g$7$F$$$k$3$H$r<($7$?!#$9$J$o$A!$(BChx10$BM[@-:YK&$O!$F(Hr9TF0!$M71K9TF0$K$*$$$F!$1?F0%K%e!<%m%s$N3hF0$r@)8f$9$k?@7P:YK&$G$"$k$3$H$,6/$/<(:6$5$l$?!#$^$?!$E>$l!$(Bglycine transporter2$B$H(Bvesicular glutamate transporter$B!K$K4X$7$F%H%i%s%9%8%'%K%C%/%U%#%C%7%e$r:n@=$9$k$3$H$K$b@.8y$7$?!#$=$N7k2L!$3]$19g$o$;$N$_$G?@7PEAC#J*

 

$BHx:wF0J*%*%?%^%8%c%/%77?MD@8$N1?F05!G=$K4X$o$k%$%*%s%A%c%M%k4XO"J,;R$NAm3gE*2r@O(B

$B@>LnFXM:!JF|K\3X=Q?66=2qFCJL8&5f0w!K(B
$B8f1`@8M5L@(B(UC Davis)
$B2,B<9/;J(B

$B!!%+%?%f%&%l%$%\%d$N%*%?%^%8%c%/%7MD@8$O!$?@7P:YK&?t$,(B100$B8DDxEY!$6Z:YK&$,(B40$B8DDxEY$7$+$J$$$K$b$+$+$i$:!$@vN}$5$l$?M71K1?F0$r<($9!#%+%?%f%&%l%$%\%d$NMD@8$NM71K1?F0$r2DG=$K$9$k?@7P(B/$B6ZFy$N@8M}5!9=$NM}2r$rL\;X$7$F!$J,;R@8J*3X!$1?F0NO3X!$EE5$@8M}3XE*$J8&5f$r9T$C$F$$$k!#$3$l$^$G!$-!M71KCf!$MM!9$J6/$5$N6~6J$,(B10-20Hz$B$GO"B3$9$k$3$H!$-"?@7PF~NO$K1~$8$F6ZFy$N6=J3EY$,JQ2=$9$k$3$H$r<($7!$$5$i$K$=$N6ZFy$N(Bgraded$B$J@8M}5!G=$N/?t$N:YK&$KH/8=$,G'$a$i$l$?!#$=$l$i$NH/8=:YK&$NM71K1?F0$KBP$9$kK\

 

$B@T?qFbJb9T%j%:%`?@7P2sO)LV$NH/@85!9=$N2r@O(B

$BCf;34u@$H~!JF|K\3X=Q?66=2qFCJL8&5f0w!K(B
$B2,B<9/;J(B

$B!!Jb9T1?F0MM%j%:%`$r7A@.$9$k@T?qFb?@7P2sO)LV$K4X$7$F!$(BGABA$B$*$h$S%0%j%7%s$r2p$7$?6=J3@-$N%7%J%W%9F~NO$,$=$NH/C#4|$K0l2a@-$K8+$i$l$k!#$3$N$h$&$JB[@84|$N@T?q$K$*$1$k(BGABA$B$*$h$S%0%j%7%s$N6=J3@-$O!$:YK&Fb(BCl$B%$%*%s$r:YK&30$K5b$_=P$9(BK+-Cl- cotransporter isoform 2(KCC2)$B$NH/8=$,H/@8=i4|$N:YK&$G$O>/$J$$$?$a$K5/$3$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k!#K\8&5f$G$O!$H/C#4|$N(BGABA$B$*$h$S%0%j%7%s$K$h$k6=J3@-$rM^$(!$?@7P2sO)$N7A@.$K$*$1$k$3$l$i6=J3@-1~Ez$NLr3d$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$3$H$rL\E*$K!$J,;R@8J*3XE*/%,%i%94I$rMQ$$$FCmF~$7!$%(%l%/%H%m%]%l!<%7%g%s$K$h$C$F!$J,Nv2aDx$K$"$k@T?q%K%e!<%m%s$K(BKCC2$B0dEA;R$rF3F~$7$?!#0dEA;RF3F~$N(B2$BF|8e$K@T?q$rE&=P$7!$LH1V@w?'$r9T$C$?$H$3$m!$(BGFP$B$rH/8=$7$F$$$k:YK&$G(BKCC2$B$NH/8=$bF1;~$K8+$i$l$?!#$5$i$K!$$3$N$h$&$K(BKCC2$B$r6/@)H/8=$5$;$?%K%e!<%m%s$K$*$$$F!$%0%i%_%7%8%s@|9&%Q%C%A%/%i%s%W%l%3!<%G%#%s%0$r9T$C$?$H$3$m!$(BKCC2$B$r6/@)H/8=$5$;$?%K%e!<%m%s$G$O!$(BGFP$B$N$_$rH/8=$5$;$?%K%e!<%m%s$KHf$Y$F!$(BGABA$BEjM?;~$NH?E>EE0L$,(B30mV$B2aJ,6KB&$K%7%U%H$7$F$$$?!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!$$3$l$i$N(BKCC2$B$r6/@)E*$KH/8=$5$;$?%K%e!<%m%s$H(BGFP$B$N$_$rH/8=$5$;$?%K%e!<%m%s$K$D$$$F!$:YK&BN$NBg$-$5!$:YK&BN$+$i=P$F$$$k?@7PFM5/$N?t$*$h$SD9$5$rHf3S$7$?$H$3$m!$$$$:$l$NCM$K$bM-0U$J:9$O8+$i$l$J$+$C$?!#$=$3$G!$1?F0%K%e!<%m%sFC0[E*$JE>\:Y$J8!F$$,$G$-$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

 

$B%$%*%s%A%c%M%k$N%2!<%H5!9=$K4X$9$kKl!]?e3&LL$N?e4D6-$N1F6A(B

$B5WLZEDJ8IW(B

$B!!Kl%?%s%Q%/

 

 

$B@oN,E*J}K!O@8&5fNN0h(B

$B!Z35MW![(B

$B!!!V9=B$$H5!G=!W$H$$$&J,;R@8J*3X$N%Q%i%@%$%`$O@8J*$N5!G=$,@8BN9bJ,;R!$FC$KCAGr.7ABV$r9bJ,2rG=!$9b%3%s%H%i%9%H$G4Q;!$9$k?7$7$$EE;R82Hy6@$N3+H/$rGX7J$K:YK&$N!V9=B$$H5!G=!W$r8&5f$7$F$$$k!#(B

$B!!1J;3%0%k!<%W$O0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$N3+H/$H!$$=$N1~MQ$H$7$F$N(BDNA1$BJ,;R$N1v4pG[NsD>FIK!$N3+H/!$%A%c%M%kCAGrin vivo$B9bJ,2rG=7ABV4Q;!$r9T$C$?!#(B

$B!!J*e%0%k!<%W$O!$Fn5~0e2JBg3X$H6&F18&5f$G4AJ}Lt$NBC1UJ,HgB%?J8z2L$K$D$$$F!$E&=P%i%C%HBC1UA#$rMQ$$D4::$r3+;O$7$?!#%1%s%V%j%C%8Bg3X!$%+%j%"%jBg3X$H$N6&F18&5f$b7QB3H/E8$7%+%=%j%C%/Bg3X%m!<%^9;$H$O^uN.3\2

$B!!@%F#%0%k!<%W$O

$B!!Bg66%0%k!<%W$O%(%s%I%5%$%H!<%7%97PO)$K$*$1$kA*JLM"Aw$N8&5f$rJQ0[:YK&$rMQ$$$F9T$C$?!#(B

 

$B0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$N2~NI(B

Radostin Danev$B!$?yC+@5;0!$1J;3T"><(B

$B!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$N2~NI!$$9$J$o$A(BZernike$B0LAj:9K!!J(Bp/2$B0LAjHD$NMxMQ!K!$HyJ,43>DK!AjEv$N%R%k%Y%k%HHyJ,K!!J(Bp$B0LAjHD$NMxMQ!K$N2~NI$r9T$C$?!#FC$K0LAjHD$K$D$-?7$7$$BSEEKI;_K!$,8+$D$+$j!$BSEELdBj$r40A4$K2r7h$G$-$?!#%=%U%H%&%(%"$K$D$$$F$OA0G/$K0z$-B3$-(BVirtual TEM$B$N@_7W$H%3!<%G%#%s%0$r9T$C$?!#(BVirtual TEM$B$OEE;R82Hy6@]J*oK!!$0LAj:9K!$rLd$o$:%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$G$-$k!#FC$K(B1$BJ,;R(BDNA$B1v4pG[NsD>FIK!$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$GM-8z@-$rH/4x$7$?!#(B

 

$B0LAjHDMQC:AGGvKl$N:`NA2J3XE*8&5f(B

$BFbED!!?N!$0KF#=S9,!$Bg2O86!!9@!$1J;3T"><(B
$B1'M}?\WqM:!JJ,;R8&!K(B

$B!!0LAjHD$NBSEEKI;_$OEE;R0LAj82Hy6@$K$H$C$F;`L?$r@)$9$k=EMW$JMWAG5;=Q$G$"$k!#BSEE$N860x$,0LAjHD$KIUCe$7$?(B3$Be$N$?$a$N%W%i%:%^=E9gKl$H>xCeKl$H$N%O%$%V%j%C%IKl@=K!$r3+H/$7$?!#(B

 

DNA/RNA$B1v4pG[Ns$NEE;R82Hy6@(B1$BJ,;R7WB,K!$N3+H/(B

$B4nB?;3!!FF!$9b662B;R!$Bg2O86!!9@!$1J;3T"><(B
$BJR2,@5E5!J7W;;2J3X8&5f%;%s%?!

$B!!(BDNA/RNA$B$N1v4pG[Ns7hDj$N9bB.2=$r?^$k$?$a!$EE;R82Hy6@5;=Q$r4p<4$K?7$7$$J}K!O@$r3+H/$7$F$$$k!#$3$NJ}K!$O(Bi)DNA/RNA$B$N0lK\:?$NMxMQ!$(Bii)$B40A4?-D9$7$?B??t$N0lK\:?(BDNA/RNA$BJ,;R$N0lJ}8~@0Ns$K$h$k%"%l%$:n@.!$(Biii)$B%"%l%$2=$7$?0lK\:?(BDNA/RNA$B$X$NC1NLBN(BA$B!$(BT$B!$(BG$B!$(BC$B$NM-5!MOG^Cf$G$NFC0[E*?eAG7k9g!$(Biv)$BC1NLBN1v4p$K$"$i$+$8$a%i%Y%k$7$?%^!<%+!

 

$BKl%?%s%Q%/

$B=E>>=(<(B
$B@6CfLP

$B!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$rMQ$$$?CAGr$l3&LL3h@-:^2DMO2=>uBV$G$NI8IJ$N

 

$B

$BB<>e@/N4!$Bg2O869@(B
$Br2!!KS?7!$(BDing Wei$B!JFn5~0e2JBg3XBh0lIUB00e1!!!Cf0eFb2J!K(B

$B!!BC1UJ,HgDc2<$KBP$7$F<#NE8z2L$N$"$k4AJ}Lt$,B?$/CN$i$l$F$$$k$,!$$3$l$i$NLtJ*$,D>@\BC1UA#$K:nMQ$9$k$N$+$I$&$+!)!!$^$?D>@\:nMQ$,$"$k$H$9$l$P!$BC1U$rM6H/$9$k$N$+$"$k$$$OBC1U?eJ,J,HgB.EY$rA}6/$9$k$N$+$rE&=P%i%C%H3\2

$B!!M:@-@.BN%i%C%H$+$i3\2e$N%+%C%W$KF3$-!$J,Hg$5$l$?BC1U=ENL$r;~4VHyJ,$7$FJ,HgB.EY$r5a$a$?!#4AJ}Lt$O!$8<;2!$CO2+!$:;;2!$E72VJ4!$3k:,$J$I(B10$Be@6$r(B0.45$B%_%/%m%s%U%#%k%?!<$rDL$7$?$b$N$r;HMQ$7$?!#BC1UJ,Hg;I7c$NBP>H$H$7$F%+%k%P%3!<%k(B0.2mM$B$rMQ$$$?!#:G=i(B5$BJ,4VBP>H;I7c$r$*$3$J$&$H!$J,Hg$,M6H/$5$l=i4|(B30$BIC$K%T!<%/$r$b$D=i4|Aj$H$=$N8e4K$d$+$KA}2C$7;}B34|$KF~$k;}B3Aj$KJ,$+$l$?!#LtJ*$r^uN.7O$h$j(B5$BJ,4V@v$$N.$7!$4AJ}LtC1FH$r2C$($?$,$$$:$l$N4AJ}Lt$bC1FH;HMQ$G$OBC1UJ,Hg$rM6H/$7$J$+$C$?!#4AJ}LtE:2C8e(B5$BJ,$G$3$l$K%+%k%P%3!<%k$r=E>v$9$k$H!$(B10$B@\:nMQ$r$b$?$i$7$?(B5$BH;I7c$N%W%i%H!/$9$k!#$3$l$i$N%Q%?!<%s$O4AJ}Lt$N(B3$BMN0e3XE*

 

$B?;F)05%;%s%5!<(B(AQP)$B$K$h$kK5:YK&M"AwD4@a5!9=(B

$BB<>e@/N4!$Bg2O869@(B
$B:Y0fOBM:!$(BKwartarini$B!!(BMurdiastuti$B!JFAEgBg3X;u3XIt!K(B
Bruria Sachar-Hill$B!$(BAdrian E. Hill$B!J%1%s%V%j%C%8Bg3X@8M}2J3XIt!K(B

$B!!@%@n$i$N6&>GE@%l!<%6!<82Hy6@4Q;!$G(Bcollagenase$B=hM}BC1UA#A#Ke>:$5$;:YK&Fb$+$i$N?eJ,J,Hg$r;I7c$9$k$H!$4I9P$N7V8w?'AG$r4u@\4I9P$KJ,Hg$5$l$k?eJ,NL$rN?2o$7$?!#$9$J$o$A:YK&4V7dDLO)$ND4@a$,9T$J$o$l$F$$$?!#^uN.3\2e>:$5$;?eJ,Hg8:>/DxEY$rB,Dj!#?;F)05:9$N$_$K$h$j?eJ,Hg$,6nF0$5$l$k%b%G%k$NM=B,CM$h$jJ,HgB.EY8:>/EY$OBg$-$+$C$?!#0lJ}!$(BAQP5$B$rHs>o$KDcH/8=$5$;$?(BSMG$B$G$O?;F)05:9$K$h$j6nF0$5$l$k$H$7$?>l9g$NM=B,CM$H0lCW$7$?!#$3$N(BSMG$B$O4pDlB&Kl(BAQP5$B$r7g$-!$?;F)05%;%s%9$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$GK5:YK&M"Aw$ND4@a$,<:$o$l$?$H9M$($i$l$?!#(BHg$B$rF34I$+$i5U9T@-$KCmF~$74I9PKl$N$_$N(BAQP5$B$rGK2u$9$k$H(BHg$BG;EY$K0MB8$7$F?eJ,Hg$OAK32$5$l$?$b$N$N!$9b?;F)05$K$h$k?eJ,Hg8=>]$O?;F)05:9$GM=B,$5$l$kJQ2=$O@5>o%i%C%H$HF1MM$G$"$C$?!#0J>e(BAQP5$B$HK5:YK&M"Aw$r4^$`%U%#!<%I%P%C%/@)8f2sO)$NB8:_$,;Y;}$5$l$?!#(B

$B!!.7ABV3XE*$K8!F$$9$k$3$H$H$7$?!#(B

 

$BK5:YK&M"AwD4@a$N7ABV3XE*4pHW(B

$BB<>e@/N4!$A066!!42(B
$B66K\Dg= Alessandro Riva$B!$(BFelice Loffredo$B!$(BFrancesca Testa-Riva$B!J(BCagliari$BBg0e!$:YK&7ABV3X!K(B

$B!!4CN.3\22<$N:YK&9|3J$ND6Hy9=B$JQ2=$r7WB,$78!F$$7$?!#7l4I^uN.%i%C%H3\2xCe$K$h$j%l%W%j%+$rF@$?!#%l%W%j%+$rF)2a7?EE;R82Hy6@$G4Q;!$7!$F@$i$l$?2<$N:YK&9|3J$NJQ2=$r8!F$$7$?!#$=$N7k2L!$(B1)$B%?%$%H7k9g$r9=@.$9$kKlFbN3;R$OC;>.$JHy:Y@~0]$r2p$7?@\7k9g$7$F$$$?!#(B2)CCh/IPR $B:.9g;I7c$G$O!$%?%$%H7k9g$NN3;RG[Ns$OJQ2=$74pDlB&J}8~$K?-D9$7$?!#(B3)CCh/IPR $B:.9g;I7c$G$O!$%?%$%H7k9gIt$*$h$SA#9PB&KlD>2<$N%"%/%A%s@~0]B+$O$h$jL)$H$J$C$?!#$3$l$i$N4Q;!$h$j!$K5:YK&M"Aw7PO)$NF)2a@-$,P6?J$9$k:]!$A#9PB&:YK&KlD>2<$N%"%/%A%s:YK&9|3J$NF0E*$J9=B$JQ2=$KH<$$%?%$%H7k9g$NKl4SDLCAGr$N6I:_$,JQ2=$9$k2DG=@-$,<($5$l$?!#(B

 

$B82Hy

$B@%F#8wMx!$?74V=(0l(B

$B!!K\3+H/$O!J3t!KEgDE@=:n=j!$4b8&5f2q!$Bg:eBg3X!$M}2=3X8&5f=j$N;22h5!4X$H$H$b$K!$(B5$BG/7W2h$G(B2004$BG/$h$j;O$^$C$?!#82HyHe$r%l!<%6!<$G(B2$BH=`5;=Q$H(B2$Be$5$;$k$3$H$,2DG=$H$J$k!#$=$7$F!$F@$i$l$?>pJs$r=hM}$7!$2hA|$H$7$F:F9=@.$9$k(BIT$B5;=Q$G$"$k!#2f!9$OFC$K@8BN;nNA$h$j9b8zN($G%$%*%s2=$r2;nNA$X1~MQ$72r@O$r9T$C$F$$$k$H$3$m$G$"$k!#(B

 

$BC1%"%_%N;@B&:?IU2C$NJ,;R5!9=$N2rL@(B

$B@%F#8wMx!$?74V=(0l!$J!ED5AG7(B
$BCS>e!!9@;J!$>>K\!!JvCK!$LpHx0i;R!J;0I)@8L?8&!K(B

$B!!C1%"%_%N;@B&:?IU2C$O%A%e%V%j%s$J$I$K5/$3$kK]Lu8e=$>~$G$"$k!#?@7P:YK&$NH/C#$KH<$C$FP6?J$9$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k$,!$$=$NJ,;R

$B!!@8$-$?%^%&%9G>Fb$N?@7P:YK&4Q;!$r2DG=$H$9$k7V8w82Hy6@!$(BStick$B82Hy6@$O%*%j%s%Q%9Hi

 

$B%(%s%I%5%$%H!<%7%9A*JLM"Aw$N%a%+%K%:%`$H@8M}5!G=(B

$BBg66@5?M(B

$B!!%(%s%I%5%$%H!<%7%97PO)$N@8M}5!G=$H%a%+%K%:%`$r2r@O$7!$$3$l$^$G$K!$;iKCE)I=AX%I%a%$%s$,%3%l%9%F%m!<%kBe@b$rDs>'$7$?!#$3$N2>@b$r4p$K!$:YK&%7%0%J%kF~NO5!9=$K$D$$$F8!F$$7!$%3%l%9%F%m!<%k9g@.$N0[>o$K$h$C$F!$:YK&A}?#J,2=%7%0%J%j%s%0J,;R$H$7$F=EMW$J%=%K%C%/%X%C%8%[%C%0(B(Shh)$B$N@\Aj8_:nMQ$r<(:6$9$k%G!<%?$rF@$?!#(BShh$B%7%0%J%k$N:YK&o$J%3%l%9%F%m!<%k9g@.7O$,I,MW$G$"$k$3$H$O0JA0$h$j<(:6$5$l$F$*$j!$$3$l$i%7%0%J%kJQ49J,;R$N:YK&Fb@89g@.%3%l%9%F%m!<%k$K0MB8$7$?:YK&FbKl7O$G$N@5>o$JF0BV$,!$(BShh$B%7%0%J%kJQ49$K=EMW$G$"$k2DG=@-$,$"$k!#(B

 

 

$B@8L?4D6-8&5fNN0h(B

$B!Z35MW![(B

$B!!:YK&$O!$$=$l$rpJs$rB>$N%7%0%J%k$KJQ49$7!$:YK&pJs$O0[$J$j!$=>$C$F:YK&$,;}$C$F$$$k4D6->pJs$rpJs$rpJsE}9g$r9T$&!#$3$l$i$N:YK&4D6->pJs%;%s%5!<$NJ,;R%7%9%F%`O"4X$r2rL@$7$F$$$/$3$H$O!$8DBNE,1~$NM}2r$N$?$a$N4pK\C10L$G$"$k!V:YK&$N@8B81~Ez!W$r2rL@$9$k$&$($G6K$a$F=EMW$G$"$k!#$3$N:YK&304D6->pJs$r46CN$9$k%$%*%s%A%c%M%k7?$N%;%s%5!

$B!!:YK&1?F0$O(Btail$B$N(Bdetach$B$H(Bfront$B$N?-E8$N6(D4%a%+%K%:%`$K$h$C$F9T$o$l$k!#$3$N:YK&@\Ce!&:YK&1?F0$N;~6u4VE*@)8f5!9=$NJ,;R%a%+%K%:%`$N2rL@$bL\;X$7$F$$$k!#(B

 

$B%+%W%5%$%7%s

Sravan Mandadi$B!$B<;3F`H~;^!$IY1JCN;R!$IY1J??6W(B

$B!!%+%W%5%$%7%se$B$,FC$K4XM?$9$k$3$H$r8+=P$7$?!#(B

$B!!$^$?!$(BPKC$B$K$h$C$F%j%s;@2=$7$?(BTRPV1$B$rFC0[E*$KG'<1$9$k%]%j%/%m!<%J%k93BN$r:n@=$7$?!#$3$N93BN$NFC0[@-$r!$5[<};n83!$(BTRPV1$B$N%j%s;@2=$5$l$k%;%j%s;D4p$rCV49$7$?JQ0[BNEy$G3NG'$7$?!#$3$N93BN$rMQ$$$?2r@O$K$h$C$F!$@5>o>uBV$K$*$$$F(BTRPV1$B$,%j%s;@2=$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$H$J$C$?!#(BPKC$B$r3h@-2=$5$;$?$H$-$N%j%s;@2=(BTRPV1$BNL$NA}2C$O!$0[=j@-H/8=7O!$%i%C%H463P?@7P:YK&$G$H$b$KA}2C$9$k$3$H$,4Q;!$5$l!$$3$N93BN$,DK$_8&5f!$1j>I8&5f$KHs>o$KM-MQ$G$"$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$K$J$C$?!#(B

 

$BI=Hi(BTRPV4$B$N7k9gCAGr

$BElCR9-!$IY1JCN;R!$IY1J??6W(B

$B!!29EY4622@\GxO*$5$l$kIt0L$G$"$j!$;k>22CAGrCAGr

 

TRPV4$B$NBN29@)8f5!9=$X$N4XM?$N2r@O(B

$B0pED?N!$

$B!!29EY462222uBV$G$O!$N>%^%&%94V$GBN29$N35F|<~4|$KBg$-$JJQ2=$O$_$i$l$J$+$C$?!#=kG.Ii2YEy$N%9%H%l%9$r2C$($?$H$-$NBN295-O?$r9T$$!$(BTRPV4$B$NBN29@)8f5!9=$X$N4XM?$rL@$i$+$K$7$F$$$-$?$$!#;k>22CAGr

 

$BI=Hi%1%i%A%N%5%$%H$+$i463P?@7P$X$N29EY>pJsEAC#$N%a%+%K%:%`$N2r@O(B

Sravan Mandadi$B!$NkLZ@?!J<+<#0e2JBg3X!K!$IY1J??6W(B

$B!!29EY46pJs$,463P?@7P$XEAC#$5$l$k2DG=@-$r<(:6$9$k!#%1%i%A%N%5%$%H$O;I7c$KH?1~$7$FpJs$,EAC#$5$l$k!$$H$$$&2>@b$rN)$F!$$=$N8!>Z$H4XM?$9$kJ*

 

$B?75,29EY46

$BIZ3_OBLi!$ElCR9-!$IY1JCN;R!$?9BY@8!J5~ETBg3X!K!$IY1J??6W(B

$B!!S.F}N`$G$O$3$l$^$G$K(B8$B$D$N29EY462+-imaging$BK!$rMQ$$$F?J$a$?7k2L!$(BTRPM2$B$,Ls(B35$BEY$GG.$K$h$C$FD>@\3h@-2=$5$l$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$H$J$C$?!#$^$?!$4{CN$N(BTRPM2$B$N3h@-2=J*b-NAD+$B!$(BADP-ribose$B$K$h$kEEN.$rBg$-$/A}Bg$5$;$k$3$H$,H=L@$7$?!#$5$i$K!$BN292<$G$O(Bcyclic ADP-ribose$B$,(BTRPM2$B$N%j%,%s%I$H$7$FF/$/$3$H$b8+$$$@$7$?!#(BTRPM2$B$Og9B!$G$O%i%s%2%k%O%s%9Eg$KFC0[E*$KH/8=$7$F$*$j!$%$%s%9%j%sJ,Hg$K6/$/4X$o$C$F$$$k$3$H$,L@$i$+$H$J$C$?!#(B

 

$B3$GO$K$*$1$k(BTRPV4$B$NH/8=$H5!G=2r@O(B

$B

$B!!29EY46a-PDD$B$K$h$C$F3h@-2=$9$k$3$H$,J,$+$C$?!#Ln@87?%^%&%9$H(BTRPV4$B7gB;%^%&%9$G3$GO?@7P:YK&$N7ABV$d%7%J%W%95!G=$r2r@O$7$?$,!$M-0U$J:9$OG'$a$i$l$J$+$C$?!#$7$+$7!$@E;_KlEE0L$r2r@O$7$?$H$3$m!$(B25$BEY$G$OLs(B-61mV$B$G:9$OG'$a$i$l$J$+$C$?$,!$(B37$BEY$G$O!$Ln@87?%^%&%9$N3$GO?@7P:YK&$OLs(B5mV$BM-0U$KC&J,6K$7$F$*$j!$EEN.CmF~$K$h$k3hF0EE0L$NH/@8$bLn@87?%^%&%9$N3$GO?@7P:YK&$GM-0U$KB?$+$C$?!#$3$l$i$N;voE*$K3h@-2=$7$F@E;_KlEE0L$N7A@.$r2p$7$F?@7P6=J3@-$K=EMW$JLr3d$rC4$C$F$$$k$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k!#(B

 

$BH/C#4|@T?qNN0h$K$*$1$k29EY46

$BB<;3F`H~7C!$

$B!!29EY46@b$r8!>Z$9$k$?$a$K!$H/C#4|%^%&%9$N@T?qNN0h$K$*$1$k(BTRPV1$B!$(BTRPV2$B!$(BTRPM8$B!$(BTRPA1$B$NH/8=MM<0$r2r@O$7!$$3$l$i$N%A%c%M%k$NH/8=;~4|!$%Q%?!<%s$rF1Dj$7$?!#$3$l$i$N(BTRP$B%A%c%M%k$OH/C#4|$K$*$$$F!$7A@.D>8e$N(BDRG$B?@7P:YK&$d0lIt$N@T?q?@7P:YK&$K$*$$$F$N$_H/8=$,3NG'$5$l$?!#$^$?!$%+%k%7%&%`%$%a!<%8%s%0K!$rMQ$$!$$3$NH/8=%Q%?!<%s$K0lCW$7$?5!G=E*%A%c%M%k$NB8:_$r3NG'$7$?!#$3$l$i$N7k2L$h$j!$(BTRP$B%A%c%M%k$,:YK&A}?#$d:YK&0\F0$J$I$N$h$&$JH/@82aDx$KFC0[E*$J@8M}8=>]$KL)@\$K4X$o$C$F$$$k2DG=@-$,6/$/<(:6$5$l$?!#8=:_!$(Bdominant-negative$BJQ0[BN%A%c%M%k$rMQ$$$?

 

mDia $B7k9g%?%s%Q%/

$BEg4S7C

$B!!(BRho$B$NI8E*CAGr

$B!!$5$i$K!$(BmDia$B$NFC@-$+$i(B mDia$B$K7k9g$9$k$3$H$,M=A[$5$l$kCAGr

 

$B?@7P2sO)7A@.$K$*$1$k(BmDia$B$r2p$9$k>pJsEAC#7PO)$NLr3d(B

$BEg4S7C

$B!!(BmDia$B$*$h$S(BmDia$B$r2p$9$k?7$?$J>pJsEAC#7PO)$N2r@O$K$h$C$F!$:YK&1?F0$N;~!&6u4VE*@)8f5!9=$r2rL@$7!$?@7P$N@.D91_?m$N7ABV0];}!&<4:w?-D92aDx$X$N4sM?$r8!F$$7$F$$$k!#?75,(BmDia$B7k9gCAGrin situ hybridization$BK!!$LH1VAH?%3XK!$rMQ$$$F8!F$$7!$N>

 


$B$3$N%Z!<%8$N@hF,$X(B$BG/JsL\<!$XLa$k(B$B@8M}8&%[!<%`%Z!<%8$X(B
Copyright(C) 2006 National Institute for Physiological Sciences