18$B!%0LAj:9CGAXEE;R82Hy6@$N0e3XE*!&@8J*3XE*1~MQ(B

2006$BG/(B1$B7n(B26$BF|!](B1$B7n(B27$BF|(B
$BBeI=!&@$OC?M!'6b;R9/;R!J:k6LBg3X!&M}3XIt!K(B
$B=jFbBP1~

$B!J#1!K(B

Single Particle Analysis of GroEl by Zernike Phase Contrast TEM

Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!J#2!K(B

$B0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$G4Q$k%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"$N@83h4D(B

$B6b;R9/;R!J:k6LBg3XM}3XIt!K(B

$B!J#3!K(B

$B0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$kL5@w?'@8J*;nNA$N4Q;!!A9b05E`7k!&E`7kD6Gv@ZJRK!$N;n$_!A(B

$B?7ED9@Fs!$1J;3T"> $B2V;T7I@5!$9b@%90;L!J2V;TEE;R82Hy6@5;=Q8&5f=j!K(B

$B!J#4!K(B

$B7V8w%?%s%Q%/Mycoplasma pneumoniae$B$N:YK&9=B$4Q;!(B

$B8+M}!!9d!J9qN)46@w>I8&5f=j:Y6]BhFsIt!K(B

$B!J#5!K(B

$B0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$kI9JqKd$r9T$C$?863K!&??3K:YK&$N4Q;!(B

$B11ED?.8w!$8|Bt5(H~9>!$CfBt0=H~!JF#EDJ]7r1R@8Bg3X0e3XIt2rK63X(B II$B!K(B
Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!J#6!K(B

$BHy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l!]?J2=$K$*$1$k0U5A$H9=B$2rL@$X$N%"%W%m!<%A(B

$BB

$B!J#7!K(B

$B@8$-$?%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"$K$*$1$k%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$J$I$ND6J,;R$r8+$k(B

$BCgK\!!=`!J:k6LBg3XM}3XIt!K(B

$B!J#8!K(B

$BEj1F7?(BX$B@~82Hy6@$K$h$k@8J*4Q;!(B

$B5HB<1Q63!JL@<#Bg3XM}9)3XIt!K(B

$B!J#9!K(B

$BCAGr

$B4d:j7{<#!JBg:eBg3XCAGr

$B!J(B10$B!K(B

$B;nNA$K1~$8$?EE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#$NE,MQ!](BTEM$B!&(BSTEM$B!&%/%i%$%*%H%b%0%i%U%#!](B

$B@D;30l90!JF|K\%(%U%$!

$B!J(B11$B!K(B

TEM$B$K$*$1$k(B3$BpJs$N9=C[5;K!!J%H%b%0%i%U%#!

$B5Z@nE/IW!JF|K\EE;R3t<02q

$B!J(B12$B!K(B

$BI9JqKd$r9T$C$?G]M\:YK&$N0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k4Q;!(B

$B8|Bt5(H~9>!$11ED?.8w!JF#EDJ]7r1R@8Bg3X0e3XIt2rK63X(B II$B!K(B
$B@%F#8wMx!$(BRadostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!J(B13$B!K(B

$B0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k;i

$BM30f9(<#!$?@C+>;;R!$@6?eIRH~!JEl5~M}2JBg3XM}3XIt2=3X2J!K(B
$B0KF#9L;0!JEl5~Bg3XBg3X1!?7NN0hAO@.2J3X8&5f2J!K(B
Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!J(B14$B!K(B

TEM$B$G4Q$k@~>u9bJ,;R$N7k>=%b%k%U%)%m%8!<(B

$BDT!!@5

$B!J(B15$B!K(B

$B0LAj:9(BTEM$B$N9bJ,;R:`NA$X$N1~MQ(B

$BEP:e2mAo!J5~ETBg3X2=3X8&5f=j!K(B

$B!J(B16$B!K(B

$B%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$NL5@w?'(BTEM$B4Q;!$HEE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#!<(B

$BD9C+@nGn0l!J5~ETBg3XBg3X1!9)3X8&5f2J!K(B

$B!J(B17$B!K(B

$B%(%M%k%.!<%U%#%k%?!<(BTEM$B$K$h$k9bJ,;R$N2D;k2=(B

$BKYFb!!?-!J;:6H5;=QAm9g8&5f=j%J%N%F%/%N%m%8!<8&5fItLg!K(B

$B!J(B18$B!K(B

$B%7%j%+7O%J%N:Y9&:`NA$N(BTEM$B4Q;!(B

$B:4!9LZM%5H!J:bCDK!?M%U%!%$%s%;%i%_%C%/%9%;%s%?!

$B!J(B19$B!K(B

$BEE;R@~%[%m%0%i%U%#!<$K$h$k%_%/%m!A%J%NNN0h$NEE>l!&<'>l$N4Q;!(B

$BJ?;3!!;J!J:bCDK!?M%U%!%$%s%;%i%_%C%/%9%;%s%?!

$B!J(B20$B!K(B

$BJP8w$H0LAj:9$K$h$k@8BN;nNA$N2D;k2=4Q;!!]!]8w3X82Hy6@$G$_$k?t==(Bnm$B$N@$3&!]!](B

$B2CF#!!70!J;:6H5;=QAm9g8&5f=j!&G>?@7P>pJs8&5fItLg!K(B

$B!J(B21$B!K(B

$B%"%]%G%#%

$BBgBmC#O/!J3t<02q

$B!Z;22C![(B
$B@D;30l90!JF|K\%(%U%$!!JF#EDJ]7r1R@8Bg3X0e3XIt!K!$?70fA1Gn!JF|K\EE;R3t<02qeEDM'I'!J>>2>0e2JBg3X!K!$B@EDL@M:!J6bBtBg3XBg3X1!!K!$BgBmC#O/!J3t<02qD!J=;M'%Y!<%/%i%$%H3t<02q&3t<02qI8&5f=j!K!$6aF#!!M5!J%d%^%OH/F05!3t<02q&3t<02q>0f!!9'!JHXED2=3X9)6H3t<02qQIJ3t<02q&3t<02q8E20Bg3X9)3XIt!K!$0kED@5Fs!J5~ETBg3X2=3X8&5f=j!K!$>eLn@6>

$B!Z35MW![(B
$B!!$3$N8&5f2q$O!$J?@.(B12$BG/$h$j%9%?!<%H$7$?EE;R82Hy6@$N8&5f2q!J!HDjNLE*9bJ,2rG=EE;R82Hy6@K!!I!$!HEE;R0LAj82Hy6@$N0e3X!&@8J*3X$X$N1~MQ!I!$!H0LAj:9CGAXEE;R82Hy6@$N0e3X!&@8J*3X$X$N1~MQ!I!K$NAm7h;;$H$G$b8F$V$Y$-$b$N$G!$2a5n$NC_@Q$,B??t$N6&F18&5f;YIt$H6&:E$G9V1i2q!&8&5f2q$r;}$D5!2q$rF@$?$?$a!$4X?4$r0e3X!&@8J*3X$N<~JU$K$b8~$1$k;n$_$r$7$?!#82Hy6@3X2q$K8~$1$?%?%$%H%k$O!V%=%U%H%^%F%j%"%k$NL5@w?'4Q;!!]8+$($J$$$b$N$r4Q$k!W$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!2,:j$G3+H/$5$l$?0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@K!$O!$FC$KEAE}E*$J@8J*EE82$K$*$$$FM-8z@-$rH/4x$7;O$a$F$*$j!$L5@w?'EE82K!$H$$$&?7$7$$J,Ln$r@Z$j3+$-$D$D$"$k!#$3$N?7$7$$7P83$r@8J*EE;R82Hy6@4X78%k!$%,%i%9!K0lHL$rBP>]$H$9$k$3$H$H$7$?!#:#$^$GEE82$NBP>]$H$J$j$K$/$+$C$?:`NA$NH/I=$b4^$^$l$F$*$j!$=>Mh$H0lL#0c$C$?8&5f2q$K$J$C$?!#6qBNE*$K$O(B1$B7n(B26$BF|$N8a8e$r6&F18&5f$G@8$^$l$?!$0LAj:9EE82$N0e3X!&@8J*3X$X$N1~MQ@.2L$NH/I=$K$"$F!$(B1$B7n(B27$BF|$N8aA0$rCGAXK!!J%H%b%0%i%U%#!R2p$K$"$F!$8a8eA0H>$r0LAj:9EE82$N0lHL:`NA$X$N1~MQ2DG=@-$NC55f!$$=$7$F8a8e8eH>$r8w3X82Hy6@$K$*$1$k0LAj:9K!$N@8J*1~MQ$N>R2p$K$"$F$?!#8+$($J$$$b$N$r4Q$kJ}K!$H$7$F$N0LAj:982Hy6@K!$,!$EE82!$8w820lBN$H$J$C$F?JE8$7$F$$$/>-Mh$NJ}8~$rM=46$5$;$?!#(B

 

$B!J(B1$B!K!!(BSingle Particle Analysis of GroEl by Zernike Phase Contrast TEM

Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!!(BWe discuss the application of Zernike Phase Contrast Transmission Electron Microscope (ZPC-TEM) to acquisition of image data for single particle analysis of biological samples.

$B!!(BThe ZPC-TEM utilizes a Zernike phase plate [1-3] which consists of a thin film with a small hole in the center. It is positioned at the back-focal plane of the objective lens. This phase plate introduces half pi phase shift to the scattered electrons leaving the central beam of unscattered electrons intact. The resulting images exhibit much higher overall contrast due to the presence of low spatial frequencies which are strongly attenuated in images acquired using a conventional TEM. The ZPC-TEM has overall $B!H(Bflat$B!I(B frequency response compared to the $B!H(Bband-pass$B!I(B filter characteristics of the conventional defocus phase contrast TEM.

$B!!(BData and results of single particle analysis using ZPC-TEM images are presented. Theoretical and practical aspects in the application of ZPC-TEM are discussed.

$B!!(B1. K. Nagayama, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 68 (1999) 811.

$B!!(B2. R. Danev, K. Nagayama, Ultramicroscopy 88 (2001) 243.

$B!!(B3. R. Danev, K. Nagayama, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 70 (2001) 696.

 

$B!J(B2$B!K!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$G4Q$k%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"$N@83h4D(B

$B6b;R9/;R!J:k6LBg3XM}3XIt!K(B

$B!!%R%k%Y%k%HHyJ,EE;R82Hy6@K!$K$h$j5^B.E`7k$7$?%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"$NHy:Y9=B$$r$=$N$^$^4Q;!$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$H$J$C$?(B^(1,2)$B!#$3$NJ}K!$K$h$j!$[e>u$N%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"(BSynechococcus sp. PCC 7942$B$N@83h4D$K$*$1$kHy:Y9=B$JQ2=$r!$MhK!$H$O0[$J$k;kE@$+$i4Q;!$9$k$3$H$r;n$_$?!#(BSynechococcus sp. PCC 7942$B$O!$8w9g@.$r9T$$J,Nv$H:YK&?-D9$r7+$jJV$7$FA}?#$9$k863KC1:YK&@8J*$G$"$k!#uBV$K6K$a$F6a$$Hy:Y9=B$4Q;!$N;n$_$rDL$7$F!$%R%k%Y%k%HHyJ,EE;R82Hy6@K!$N2DG=@-$K$D$$$F9M;!$7$?$$!#(B

$B!!(B(1) Kaneko Y., Danev R., Nitta K., and Nagayama K.: In vivo subcellular ultrastructures recognized with Hilbert differential contrast transmission electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 54, 79-84 (2005)

$B!!(B(2) Kaneko Y., Danev R., Nagayama K., Nakamoto H.: Intact carboxysomes in a cyanobacterial cell visualized by Hilbert differential contrast transmission electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol. 188, 805-808 (2006)

 

$B!J(B3$B!K!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$kL5@w?'@8J*;nNA$N4Q;!!A9b05E`7k!&E`7kD6Gv@ZJRK!$N;n$_!A(B

$B?7ED9@Fs!$1J;3T"> $B2V;T7I@5!$9b@%90;L!J2V;TEE;R82Hy6@5;=Q8&5f=j!K(B

$B!!:G$b@8$-$?>uBV$K6a$$F)2a7?EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k@8J*;nNA4Q;!$r9T$&J}K!$H$7$F!$C1:YK&$d9bJ,;REy$NHy:Y$J;nNA$N>l9g$OI9JqKdK!!$B?:YK&$+$i$J$k;nNA$N>l9g$OE`7k@ZJRK!$,$"$k!#E`7k@ZJRK!$O=7A@.$rKI;_$7E`7k!$@ZJR2=$r9T$&J}K!$,=7A@.$rKI;_$7!$$=$N$^$^@ZJR2=$74Q;!$9$k9b05E`7k!&E`7kD6Gv@ZJR4Q;!$,9T$o$l$O$8$a$F$$$k!#$7$+$7!$L5@w?'E`7k@ZJR$N4Q;!$OHs>o$KDc%3%s%H%i%9%H$G$"$j!$?<$$%G%U%)!<%+%9$r$H$kI,MW@-$K$h$j%3%s%H%i%9%H$r>e$2$k$3$H$K$h$kJ,2rG=Dc2<$OHr$1$i$l$J$$!#(B

$B!!6aG/3+H/$5$l$?0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$OL58GDj!$L5@w?'$N@8J*;nNA$r@5>GE@$G9b%3%s%H%i%9%H4Q;!$r2DG=$K$7$?!#$3$N$3$H$O!$$h$j@8BN$K6a$$>uBV$N9bJ,2rG=4Q;!$,2DG=$K$J$k$HF1;~$K!$:YK&7ABV$H$H$b$KJ,;R7ABV$N?7$7$$CN8+$,4|BT$G$-$k!#(B

$B!!K\8&5f$G$O9b05E`7k!&E`7k@ZJR4Q;!$,0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$KE,$7$?@8J*;nNA:n@=K!$N0lJ}K!$H9M$(!$:#2s$O

 

$B!J(B4$B!K!!7V8w%?%s%Q%/Mycoplasma pneumoniae$B$N:YK&9=B$4Q;!(B

$B8+M}!!9d!J9qN)46@w>I8&5f=j:Y6]BhFsIt!K(B

$B!!%^%$%3%W%i%:%^GY1j$N860x6](BM. pneumoniae$B$O:YK&$N0lC<$KJ,2=$7$?@\Ce4o41$rM-$7$F$$$k!#$3$N@\Ce4o41$K$h$k:YK&IUCe@-$H1?F0@-$,(BM. pneumoniae$B$NIB86@-$K$OI,?\$JMWAG$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k!#@\Ce4o41$O(BM. pneumoniae $B$N:YK&9|3JMM$N9=B$$K$h$C$FFbIt$+$i$5$5$($i$l$F7A@.$5$l$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k$,!$$=$N>\:Y$J9=B$$OITL@$G$"$k!#:#8e!$(BM. pneumoniae$B$NIB86@-$r>\$7$/M}2r$9$k$?$a$K$b!$@\Ce4o41$H:YK&9|3J$N>\:Y$J9=B$$rD4$Y$F$$$/I,MW$,$"$k!#2f!9$O@\Ce4o41$H:YK&9|3J$N9=B$$rC5$k0l$D$N$l$N%?%s%Q%/M. pneumoniae$B$O<+N'A}?#$,2DG=$J:G>.%/%i%9$N@8J*$G$"$j!$%2%N%`%5%$%:$OLs(B800kb$B!$4^$^$l$k(BORF$B$N?t$O(B689 $B8D$7$+$J$$!#8=:_!$$3$l$i$9$Y$F$N(BORF$B;:J*$N:YK&Fb6I:_%Q%?!<%s$r7V8w%?%s%Q%/M. pneumoniae$B$N@\Ce4o41$H:YK&9|3J$NL$CN$N@.J,$,LVMeE*$K8!:w$5$l!$:YK&9=B$$K4X$9$k?7$?$JCN8+$,F@$i$l$k$3$H$r4|BT$7$F$$$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B5$B!K!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$kI9JqKd$r9T$C$?863K!&??3K:YK&$N4Q;!(B

$B11ED?.8w!$8|Bt5(H~9>!$CfBt0=H~!JF#EDJ]7r1R@8Bg3X0e3XIt2rK63X(B II$B!K(B
Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!ZL\E*![0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@K!$O!$:YK&Fb9=B$$,K\Mh;}$C$F$$$kJ*

$B!Z:`NA$HJ}K!![I9JqKdI8K\!'BgD26]!$G.HD$r%+!<%\%sGvKl$rD%$C$?%0%j%C%I>e$K:NGE@LL$KC:AGGvKl$+$i$J$k(BHilbert$B0LAjHD$d(BZernike$B0LAjHD$rAuCV$7$?(BJEOL JEM-3100FFC$BEE;R82Hy6@$K$h$j2CB.EE05(B300kV$B$GL5@w?'$G4Q;!$7$?!#(B

$B!Z7k2L$H9M;!![:Y6]$K$*$$$F$O!$E`7kJ]B8$N>uBV$+$iA}?#$K;j$k2aDx$NHy:Y9=B$JQ2=$,4Q;!$5$l$?!#@:;R$K$*$$$F$O!$?M9)uBV$NHy:Y9=B$$r4Q;!$9$k$H$H$b$K!$@TDGF0J*$N.HD$K$*$$$F$O%H%m%s%S%s$K$h$k6E=82aDx$r4Q;!$7$?!#0J>e$N0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@4Q;!$+$i!$uBV$G4Q;!$G$-$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$?!#@8J*$NM-$9$k??$N9=B$$H$=$NF0BV$r4Q;!$G$-$k$?$a!$EE;R82Hy6@$N?7$?$J0e3X$X$N1~MQ$,9T$($k2DG=@-$,<($5$l$?!#(B

 

$B!J(B6$B!K!!Hy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l!]?J2=$K$*$1$k0U5A$H9=B$2rL@$X$N%"%W%m!<%A(B

$BB

$B!!Hy>.4I$O(Ba$B!$(Bb$B%A%e!<%V%j%s%X%F%m%@%$%^!<$,=E9g$7$F$G$-$?%A%e!<%V>u$N%]%j%^!<$G!$:YK&J,Nv$K$*$1$k@w?'BN$NJ,G[!$:YK&FbM"Aw!$:YK&6K@-$N7A@.!&0];}$J$I$KF/$/!#:YK&Fb$NHy>.4I=E9g3K$O(Bg$B%A%e!<%V%j%sJ#9gBN$G$"$k!#F0J*:YK&$G$O(Bg$B%A%e!<%V%j%sJ#9gBN$OCf?4BN$K6I:_$7!$Hy>.4I$OCf?4BN$+$iJ|u$K?-D9$9$k!#0lJ}!$9bEy?"J*$N:YK&$OCf?4BN$r;}$?$:!$Hy>.4I$N7A@.5!9=$O$[$H$s$IITL@$G$"$C$?!#(B

$B!!9bEy?"J*$N:YK&$,:YD9$/?-$S$k;~$K$OHy>.4I$,:YK&Kl$K1h$C$FJB$S!JI=AXHy>.4INs!K!$:YK&$N?-D9J}8~$r@)8f$9$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k!#I=AXHy>.4INs$r9=@.$9$kHy>.4I$N5/8;$rD4$Y$?$H$3$m!$Hy>.4I$O4{B8$NHy>.4I>e$G=E9g3+;O$7!$4{B8$NHy>.4I$KBP$7$FLs(B40$B!k$N;^>u$K?-$S=P$9$3$H$,$o$+$C$?!#C1N%:YK&I=AX$rMQ$$$?L5:YK&7O$G(Bg$B%A%e!<%V%j%s$NLr3d$r2r@O$7$?$H$3$m!$:YK&g$B%A%e!<%V%j%sJ#9gBN$,4{B8$NHy>.4I$K7k9g$7!$Hy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l>u7A@.$r5/$3$5$;$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$?(B(Murata et al. Nature Cell Biol. 7, 961-968, 2005)$B!#(B

$B!!:YK&$,30B&$+$i$/$S$l$FJ,Nv$9$kF0J*:YK&$H0[$J$j!$9bEy?"J*$N:YK&$O:YK&Fb$K:YK&HD$r7A@.$9$k$3$H$K$h$jJ,Nv$9$k!#:YK&HD$O3VKl7A@.BN$H8F$P$l$kHy>.4I9=B$$K$h$j$D$/$i$l$k!#3VKl7A@.BN$NH/C#$KH<$&Hy>.4I$N5sF0$r(BGFP-a$B%A%e!<%V%j%sH/8=:YK&$rMQ$$$F>\:Y$K4Q;!$7$?$H$3$m!$3VKl7A@.BN$NH/C#$KH<$$Hy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l$K$h$k7A@.$,5/$3$k$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$?!#$3$l$i$N7k2L$+$i!$9bEy?"J*$N:YK&$OHy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l7A@.5!9=$r3MF@$7$?$3$H$K$h$jB?MM$JHy>.4I9=B$$r7A@.$7!$FCD'E*$JMM<0$N:YK&?-D9!$:YK&J,Nv$,2DG=$K$J$C$?$H?dB,$5$l$?!#8=:_!$Hy>.4I$N;^J,$+$l$KF/$/(Ba$B%A%e!<%V%j%sJ#9gBN%?%s%Q%/.4I;^J,$+$lIt0L$NHy:Y9=B$$N2r@O$r?J$a$F$$$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B7$B!K!!@8$-$?%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"$K$*$1$k%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$J$I$ND6J,;R$r8+$k(B

$BCgK\!!=`!J:k6LBg3XM}3XIt!K(B

$B!!%7%"%N%P%/%F%j%"!JMuAt!K$O!$8w9g@.:Y6]$H$O0[$J$j8w2=3X7O(BI$B5Z$S(BII$B$r$b$A!$?"J*F1MM$K;@AGH/@87?$N8w9g@.$r9T$J$&863K@8J*$G!$MUNPBN$N5/8;$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k!#8w9g@.?'AG$H$7$F!$%/%m%m%U%#%k!$%+%m%F%N%$%I$NB>$K!$%U%#%3%7%"%K%s$d%"%m%U%#%3%7%"%K%s$J$I$N%U%#%3%S%j%?%s%Q%/6 Da)$B%"%s%F%J?'AGJ#9gBN$r7A@.$9$k!#%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$N9=@.%]%j%Z%W%A%I$G!$H/?'CD$r$b$?$J$$?tr7o$K?WB.$K1~Ez$7$F%@%$%J%_%C%/$JNLE*!&e$K$*$1$k5,B'@5$7$$G[CV$J$I$NM}M3$+$i%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$O82Hy6@4Q;!$KE,$7$?D6J,;R$G$"$k$H9M$($F!$:YK&$K$*$1$k$3$ND6J,;R$N9=B$$H!$$=$N9=C[!&J,2r2aDx!JCf4VBN!&A06nBN9=B$!K$N2rL@$r8&5fL\E*$H$7$?!#%U%#%3%S%j%?%s%Q%/=$O(B100$BG/0J>e$bA0$KJs9p$5$l!$(B1980$BG/Be$K(BSchirmer$B$H(BHuber$B$i$K$h$C$F86;R%l%Y%k$G9=B$7hDj$,$J$5$l$?!#$7$+$7!$%j%s%+!<%]%j%Z%W%A%I$NIT0BDj@-8N$+!$$=$N9=B$!$=>$C$F%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$N!V9|AH$_!W$N9=B$$OL$2rL@$G$"$k!#$^$?!$=>Mh$NF)2aEE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k!V@.=O$7$?!WC1N%%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`$N4Q;!Nc$O$"$k$,!$!VL$@.=O$N!W$b$N$K$D$$$F$O2r@O$O$J$5$l$F$$$J$$!#(B

$B!!Synechococcus sp. PCC7942$B3t$rMQ$$$?!#6b;R$i$O!$$3$N3t$,!$1J;3$i$K$h$j3+H/$5$l$?%R%k%Y%k%HHyJ,%3%s%H%i%9%H(B(HDC)$BEE;R82Hy6@$rMQ$$$?!F@8$-$?!G:YK&$NHy:Y9=B$4Q;!$KE,$7$?$b$N$G$"$k$3$H$r<($7$?$,!$%+%k%\%-%7%=!<%`!JB?LLBNpyN3!KCf$N%j%V%m!<%9(B-1,5-$BFs%j%s;@%+%k%\%-%7%i!<%<(B/$B%*%-%7%2%J!<%<9ZAG$N%Q%i7k>=$b9b%3%s%H%i%9%H$G4Q;!2DG=$G$"$C$?(B(Kaneko et al., 2006)$B!#(BHDC$BEE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k%U%#%3%S%j%=!<%`9=B$Ey$N2r@O7k2L$K$D$$$FJs9p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B8$B!K!!Ej1F7?(BX$B@~82Hy6@$K$h$k@8J*4Q;!(B

$B5HB<1Q63!JL@<#Bg3XM}9)3XIt!K(B

$B!!(BX$B@~82Hy6@$N3+H/$O!$2D;k8w$h$jGHD9$,C;$/9b$$J,2rG=$,4|BT$5$l$k$3$H$+$i(B20$B@$5*$N=iF,$+$i@9$s$K9T$o$l$F$-$?$,!$(BX$B@~$NJ*!<%s%W%l!<%H$H$h$P$l$k2s@^$rMxMQ$7$?=88w8w3X7O$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j(BX$B@~82Hy6@$NJ,2rG=$b(B30nm$BDxEY$KC#$9$k$^$G$K$J$C$?!#$7$+$7$3$N8w3X7O$O8zN($,0-$$$3$H$+$iHs>o$KL@$k$$8w8;$,MW5a$5$l!$J|r7o$rJQ$($FB?$/$NcJI$H$J$C$F$$$k!#$3$3$G>R2p$9$kEj1F7?(BX$B@~82Hy6@$O%l%s%:$r;H$o$J$$4JC1$J86M}$N(BX$B@~82Hy6@$G$"$k!#>.$5$J#X@~8w8;$ND>2<$K;nNA$rCV$/$*$/$3$H$G5eLLGH$H$7$F9-$,$k(BX$B@~$K$h$j;nNA$N3HBgEj1FA|$rF@$k!$$D$^$j4JC1$K8@$($P!V1F3(82Hy6@!W$G$"$k!#(BX$B@~8;$OAv::EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$j<}B+$5$;$?EE;R@~$rAv::$;$:$K6bB0GvKl$N(B1$BE@$K@E;_$5$;!$$=$3$+$iH/@8$9$k(BX$B@~$r;H$&$N$G!$EE;R82Hy6@$r;H$&DxEY$Nmm$B$,F@$i$l8w3X82Hy6@$h$j$d$d$h$$DxEY$H$J$C$F$$$k!#%l%s%:$r;H$C$F$$$J$$$N$G8|$5?t(Bmm$B$N;nNA$G$bA4BN$K>GE@$,9g$&$3$H$rMxMQ$7$F!$:+Cn$N%^%$%/%m(BCT$B$r;n$_$?!#$^$?!$EE;R@~$r>HR2p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B9$B!K!!CAGr

$B4d:j7{<#!JBg:eBg3XCAGr

$B!!C1N3;R%H%b%0%i%U%#!<$O!$2f!9$,3+H/$7$F$$$k!VEE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#!<$r1~MQ$7$F!$C1N%@:@=$5$l$?%?%s%Q%//$J$/!$0lBf$N(BPC$B$GFs!$;0F|0JFb$K7k2L$,F@$i$l$k!#(B(4)$BBg$-$/%3%s%U%)%a!<%7%g%s$N0[$J$kF1l9g!$0l$D0l$D$NN3;R$N;0pJs$K4p$E$$$FN3;R$rJ,N`!$J?6Q2=$9$k$3$H$G!$$=$l$i$N9=B$$r5a$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#EE;R82Hy6@$r;HMQ$7$?%?%s%Q%/$@$,!$$=$N2r@OJ}K!$N$?$a!$7k2L$H$7$FDs<($5$l$k;0Z$9$k;XI8$,$J$$!#C/$7$b7P83$9$kLdBj$H$7$F!$9=B$$N<}B+$,5/$3$i$:!$2r@O2aDx$G=PNO$5$l$k$I$N9=B$$r:G=*E*$J;0l9g$NE,@Z$J=i4|9=B$$rDs6!$7$F$/$l$k!#C1N3;R%H%b%0%i%U%#!<$N:G=*L\I8$O!$@:@=%?%s%Q%/$NAX9=B$7A@.$r;J$k:YK&30%7%0%J%kJ,;R%j!<%j%s$N;0R2p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B10$B!K!!;nNA$K1~$8$?EE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#$NE,MQ!](BTEM$B!&(BSTEM$B!&%/%i%$%*%H%b%0%i%U%#!](B

$B@D;30l90!JF|K\%(%U%$!

$B!!F)2a7?EE;R82Hy6@K!$r;0]J*$KE,MQ$5$l$k$?$a$K?'!9$J%b%G%#%U%!%$$r2C$($i$l$F$$$C$?$N$HF1MM$K!$EE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#$b$^$?$=$N%P%j%(!<%7%g%s$rA}$d$7$D$D$"$k!#(B

$B!!(BTEM$B%H%b%0%i%U%#!!EE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#$N4pK\$G$"$k!#DL>o!$$[$H$s$I$N$b$N$KBP$7$FE,MQ2DG=!#(B

$B!!(BSTEM$B%H%b%0%i%U%#!!4pK\E*$J%H%b%0%i%U%#o$N(BTEM$B%b!<%I$H6&DL$G$"$k!#(BTEM$B%b!<%I$HHf3S$7(B2$B$D$NE@$K$*$$$FM%$l$?FCD'$r$b$C$F$$$k!#(BHAADF$BK!$K$h$j;nNA$N7k>=@-$K$h$k2s@^GH$N1F6A$r7Z8:$G$-$k$3$H!$79=@-;nNA!$H>F3BN;nNA$K9%E,!#(B

$B!!%/%i%$%*%H%b%0%i%U%#!!(BFEI$B$G$O9b79

$B!!O"B3@ZJR$X$N%H%b%0%i%U%#$NE,MQ!!EE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#$O;nNA$NN)BN9=B$$r2r@O$9$k$3$H$rL\E*$H$9$k$,!$EE;R@~$NF)2aG=$NDc$5$N$?$a!$0lHL$K;nNA$N8|$5$KHs>o$KBg$-$J@)Ls$,$"$k!#D69b05EE;R82Hy6@$rMQ$$$l$P:YK&%l%Y%k$N8|$5$N2r@O$b2DG=$G$"$k$,!$$=$l$G$b$^$@8|$5$N8B3&$O87A3$HB8:_$9$k!#;nNA$rO"B3@ZJR2=$9$l$P86M}E*$K$3$N@)8B$r2sHr$9$k;v$,$G$-$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B11$B!K!!(BTEM$B$K$*$1$k(B3$BpJs$N9=C[5;K!!J%H%b%0%i%U%#!

$B5Z@nE/IW!JF|K\EE;R3t<02q

$B!!F)2aEE;R82Hy6@(B(TEM)$B$O!$%J%N%9%1!<%k!&%*!<%@!<$G$N:`NA8&5f$K$*$$$F:G$bM-NO$J4Q;!!&J,@OAuCV$H$7$F9-$/MxMQ$5$l$F$$$k!#(BTEM$B$G$O;nNA$rF)2a$7$?EE;R$G7A@.$5$l$k(B2$BpJs$r@:EY$h$/5a$a$k$3$H$O:$Fq$G$"$C$?!#$=$3$G$3$N7gE@$rJd$&$?$a$K!$(BCT(Computed Tomograph)$BK!$N86M}$r1~MQ$7$?(BTEM-CT$BK!(B<sup>1)</sup>$B$,:G6a0lHL2=$7!$9bJ,;R:`NA$d@8J*;nNA$J$I$G1~MQ$,9-$^$j$D$D$"$k!#(B

$B!!$3$N5;K!$G$O!$B?J}8~$+$i$NEj1FA|$rF@$k$?$a$K;nNA$r79e$N79

$B!!0lJ}!$;nNA$+$i$N@53N$J>pJs$r9=C[$9$k$?$a$K$O!$;#1F$9$k2hA|$K@53N$J7ABV>pJs$,5-O?$5$l$F$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#2hA|$N%3%s%H%i%9%H$d(BS/N$B$r2~A1$9$k$3$H$,4pK\E*LdBj$H$7$FI=LL2=$7$F$$$k!#FC$K8|$$;nNA$K$*$$$F$OHsCF@-;6Mp$K$h$k%P%C%/%0%i%s%I$N=|5n$,IT2D7g$G$"$j!$0lJ}$G!$;nNA$NJqKdJ}K!(B²⁾$B$b2]Bj$H$J$C$F$$$k!#(B

$B!!K\9V1i$G$O!$$3$l$i$N2~A15;K!$NNc$rCf?4$K$=$N1~MQNc$r>R2p$9$k!#(B

$B!!(B1) H. Furukawa, M. Shimizu, Y. Suzuki and H. Nishioka.; JEOL News 36 (2001) 12.

$B!!(B2) A. Sato; Proc. 4^th world Congress of Cellular and Molecular Biology (Poitiers) (2005) p15.

$B?^(B1$B!%9b79

 

$B!J(B12$B!K!!I9JqKd$r9T$C$?G]M\:YK&$N0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k4Q;!(B

$B8|Bt5(H~9>!$11ED?.8w!JF#EDJ]7r1R@8Bg3X0e3XIt2rK63X(B II$B!K(B
$B@%F#8wMx!$(BRadostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!ZL\E*![0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@4Q;!$G$O!$@8J*:`NA$rL5@w?'$G9b%3%s%H%i%9%H$K4Q;!$G$-$k!#$3$NFCD'$r$$$+$7$F!$2=3X8GDj!&C&?e!&@\4Q;!$9$k$3$H$r;n$_$?!#(B

$B!Z:`NA$HJ}K!![(BPtK2$B$*$h$S(BHEK293$B:YK&$O!$(B10%FBS$B$rE:2C$7$?(BDulbecco $BJQK!(BMEM$B$GC:AGGvKl$rD%$C$?%W%i%A%J%a%C%7%e>e$KG]M\$7$?!#0lIt$N:YK&$G$OHy>.4IAK32:^(Bnocodazole$B$r:nMQ$5$;!$:YK&9=B$$NJQ2=$r4Q;!$7$?!#Hf3S$N$?$a$K!$%i%C%H4NB!$r:`NA$H$7$F:YK&J,2hK!$K$h$jF@$?:YK&>.4o41$H!$%i%C%HG>$h$jF@$?Hy>.4I(B(twice-cycled microtubule)$B$r4Q;!$7$?!#I9JqKd!'1UBNCbAG$GNd5Q$7$?1UBN%(%?%sCf$G?;DR5^B.E`7k8GDj$r9T$C$?!#EE;R82Hy6@4Q;!!'EE;R82Hy6@$N1UBN%X%j%&%`Nd5Q;nNA<<$KI8K\$r0\$7$F4Q;!$7$?!#8e>GE@LL$KC:AGGvKl$+$i$J$k(BHilbert $B0LAjHD$rAuCV$7$?(BJEOL JEM-3100FFC$BEE;R82Hy6@$K$h$j2CB.EE05(B300kV$B$GL5@w?'$G4Q;!$7$?!#(B

$B!Z7k2L$H9M;!![C1N%$7$?:YK&>.4o41$HHy>.4I$O!$$^$k$G@w?'$r9T$C$?$h$&$K9b%3%s%H%i%9%H$G4Q;!$G$-$?!#G]M\:YK&$K$*$$$F$O!$3K<~0O$N8|$$9=B$$O4Q;!$G$-$J$+$C$?$,!$JU1oIt$G$O!$:YK&9|3J!&:YK&>.4o41$,L@NF$K4Q;!$5$l$?!#(Bnocodazole$B$r:YK&$K:nMQ$5$;7V8w93BNK!$G4Q;!$9$k$HHy>.4I$,>C<:$7$F$$$?$,!$0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@4Q;!$K$h$C$F9=B$JQ2=$,3NG'$G$-$?!#$D$^$j!$I9JqKd$H0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$rAH$_9g$o$;$FMQ$$$k$H!$6K$a$F@8$-$F$$$k>uBV$K6a$$:YK&D6Hy9=B$$H$=$NF0BV$rD>@\4Q;!$G$-$k$3$H$,<($5$l$?!#(B

 

$B!J(B13$B!K!!0LAj:9EE;R82Hy6@$K$h$k;i

$BM30f9(<#!$?@C+>;;R!$@6?eIRH~!JEl5~M}2JBg3XM}3XIt2=3X2J!K(B
$B0KF#9L;0!JEl5~Bg3XBg3X1!?7NN0hAO@.2J3X8&5f2J!K(B
Radostin Danev$B!$1J;3T">

$B!Z=o8@![$"$ku9=B$BN!V;i@\4QB,$r;n$_$?!#(B

$B!Zb-D-glucopyranosylamine)5mg$B$r?e(B100ml$BCf$K2CG.J,;6$5$;!$(B2.5$BEY(B/$BJ,$NB.EY$GNd5Q$7$?!#<+8J=89g$N@9$s$J(B60$BEY$KC#$7$?:]$K%5%s%W%j%s%0$75^B.E`7k$7$?!#B,Dj$O1UBN%X%j%&%`29EY(B(4K)$B$G(BJEM-3100FFC(JEOL)$B$rMQ$$!$%R%k%Y%k%H43>DK!$rMQ$$$F%3%s%H%i%9%H$r>e$2$?!#(B

$B!Z7k2L$H9M;!![K\;i$l(B50nm$B!$(B200-300nm$B$G$"$k$,!$$^$:;i@\DI@W$7$?=i$a$F$NNc$H$7$FBgJQ6=L#?<$$!#$3$l$^$G;i@\4QB,$,2DG=$K$J$j!$K\

 

$B!J(B14$B!K!!(BTEM$B$G4Q$k@~>u9bJ,;R$N7k>=%b%k%U%)%m%8!<(B

$BDT!!@5

$B!!%]%j%(%A%l%s$d%$%=%?%/%A%C%/!&%]%j%9%A%l%s$N$h$&$KN)BN5,B'@-$NNI$$0lu9bJ,;R$O!$DL>o!$J,;R:?$,@^$j$?$?$^$l$?7k>=!$8@$o$PJ,;RFb7k>=$r:n$k!#B($A!$$3$l$i$N9bJ,;R$rMOM;>uBV$+$i!$$"$k$$$OMO1U$+$i7k>=2=$5$;$k$H!$GvHD>u$N7k>=!$$$$o$f$k%i%a%i>=$r7A@.$7!$J,;R:?$O$=$NHDLL$K$[$\?bD>$K=eLL$H2u!VC17k>=!W$,@8D9$7!$$^$?;~$K$OMOM;>uBV$+$i$O%i%a%i>=$+$i@.$k!V5e>=!W$,9b=@.J,$N3d9g$rI=$9!V7k>=2=EY!W$O(B100%$B$H$O@.$jF@$:!$I,$:Hs>=@.J,$,;D$k!#(B

$B!!K\9V1i$G$O!$MOM;KB;e$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$k9g@.A!0]$N%b%G%k;nNA$H$7$F!$MOM;>uBV$+$i!V$:$jOD$_!W2<$G7k>=2=$5$;$?0l<4G[8~GvKlCf$K$*$1$k!V%7%7%+%P%V9=B$!W$d!$@ECV>l$G7k>=2=$5$;$?;~$KF@$i$l$k8GBN9=B$$N%b%G%k;nNA$H$7$F!$(B2$B=9=B$$rM-$9$kGvKl$N%b%k%U%)%m%8!<$J$I$r(BTEM$B4Q;!$7$?Nc$r>R2p$9$k!#$3$l$i$N7k2L$+$iF@$i$l$k>pJs$O!$A!0]$J$I7k>=@-9bJ,;R8GBN$NNO3XJ*@-Ey$H8GBN9=B$$H$N4V$N4X78$r9M;!$9$k$&$($G!$$^$?!$NO3XJ*@-Ey$N8~>e$7$?9bJ,;R:`NA$rAO@=$9$k$&$($G=EMW$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#0x$_$K!$$3$l$i$N;nNA$N7k>=%b%k%U%)%m%8!<$rD4$Y$k:]$K$O!$@)8B;kLnEE;R2s@^$d0E;kLn4Q;!$,l9g$K$h$C$F$O8D!9$NHy7k>=$NG[8~>uBV$d3J;R7g4YEy$NCN8+$rF@$k$?$a9bJ,2rG=4Q;!$b9T$&$N$G!$4pK\E*$K$OL5@w?'4Q;!$r9T$C$F$$$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B15$B!K!!0LAj:9(BTEM$B$N9bJ,;R:`NA$X$N1~MQ(B

$BEP:e2mAo!J5~ETBg3X2=3X8&5f=j!K(B

$B!!F)2a7?EE;R82Hy6@(B(TEM)$B$O86;R$NBg$-$5$KGw$k9b$$2rA|NO$r;}$C$F$$$kAuCV$@$,!$J*o$OFCDj$NItJ,$K=E6bB086;R$rIUCe$5$;$k!V@w?'!W!V%7%c%I%&%$%s%0!W$J$I$NA0=hM}$r9T$$!$%3%s%H%i%9%H$r9b$a$?;nNA$r4Q;!$7$F$$$k!#$7$+$7!$$3$l$i$NA0=hM}l9g$O%J%N%9%1!<%k$N9=B$$,@w?'2aDx$G85$N9=B$$HJQ$o$C$F$7$^$&2DG=@-$,$"$k!#$3$&$7$?LdBj$KBP$7$F!$$3$l$^$G85AGJ,@O$NHo$KBg$-$J%G%U%)!<%+%9$G4Q;!$9$kl9g$bJ,2rG=$,$+$J$j5>@7$H$J$C$F$7$^$&!#(B

$B!!$3$&$7$?LdBj$r2r7h$9$Y$/!$0LAj:9(BTEM$B$,3+H/$5$l$?!#$3$NAuCV$O0LAj:98w3X82Hy6@$HF1MM$K0LAjHD$r8e>GE@LL$KG[CV$7$F$*$j!$;6Mp%S!<%`$HHs;6Mp%S!<%`$N4V$K43>D$r@8$8$5$;$FL5@w?';nNA$b9b$$%3%s%H%i%9%H$G4Q;!$G$-$k!#$3$N>l9g!$@5>GE@IU6a$G$b9b$$%3%s%H%i%9%H$,F@$i$l$k$N$G!$%G%U%)!<%+%9%3%s%H%i%9%HK!$H$O0[$J$jJ,2rG=$rBg$-$/5>@7$K$9$k;v$bHr$1$i$l$k!#Nc$H$7$F!$%+!<%\%s%V%i%C%/$r=l9g$O!$%+!<%\%s%V%i%C%/N3;R$HF1;~$K!$%3%s%Q%&%s%G%#%s%0$KMQ$$$i$l$k%9%F%"%j%s;@$N7k>=3J;R$b;#1F$5$l$F$$$?!#$^$?!$%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$d$=$NB>$N9bJ,;R;nNA$b!$L5@w?'$N$^$^9b$$%3%s%H%i%9%H$G4Q;!$5$l$?!#$3$NMM$K9bJ,;R:`NA$NJ,Ln$G$b!$0LAj:9(BTEM$B$K$h$kL5@w?'4Q;!$G8&5f$NI}$,Bg$-$/9-$,$k$H4|BT$5$l$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B16$B!K!!%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$NL5@w?'(BTEM$B4Q;!$HEE;R@~%H%b%0%i%U%#!<(B

$BD9C+@nGn0l!J5~ETBg3XBg3X1!9)3X8&5f2J!K(B

$B!!%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$O0[u9bJ,;R$r6&M-7k9g$GO"7k$7$?<+A33&$K$OB8:_$7$J$$9=B$$r;}$D9bJ,;R$G$"$k$,!$$=$NO"7k8z2L$K$h$jMM!9$N6=L#?<$$8=>]$,H/8=$9$k!#!V%_%/%mAjJ,N%!W$b$=$N0l$D$G$"$j!$8_$$$KHsAjMO$J9bJ,;R$r@.J,$H$9$k%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$O!$J,;R$N%5%$%:DxEY$G$"$k?t==!A?tI4(Bnm$B$N<~4|$H!$(B1$B!$(B2$B!$(B3$B

$B!!%8%(%s7O9bJ,;R$r0l@.J,$H$9$k%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$N(BTEM$B4Q;!$K$O=>Mh$+$i%*%9%_%&%`;@@w?'K!$,MQ$$$i$l$F$-$?$,!$%]%j%"%;%A%l%s$J$I$N5!G=@-9bJ,;R$r@.J,$H$9$k%V%m%C%/%3%]%j%^!<$K$O@w?'IT2DG=$J$b$N$,B?$/!$L5@w?'(BTEM$B4Q;!K!$N3+H/$,K>$^$l$F$$$?!#6aG/!$%(%M%k%.!<%U%#%k%?%j%s%0(BTEM$B$d0LAj%3%s%H%i%9%H(BTEM$B$,3+H/$5$l!$L5@w?'4Q;!$,2DG=$H$J$C$?!#2f!9$O$3$l$i$N]$r8+=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$?!#9V1i$G$O$3$l$i$NR2p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B17$B!K!!%(%M%k%.!<%U%#%k%?!<(BTEM$B$K$h$k9bJ,;R$N2D;k2=(B

$BKYFb!!?-!J;:6H5;=QAm9g8&5f=j%J%N%F%/%N%m%8!<8&5fItLg!K(B

$B!!9bJ,;R$O7Z85AG$N$_$+$i9=@.$5$l$k$?$a!$(BTEM$B$G$N4Q;!$K$O=E6bB0$K$h$k@w?'$,I,MW$K$"$k!#%(%M%k%.!<%U%#%k%?!<(BTEM(EFTEM)$B$K$h$j!$;nNA$rF)2a$7$?HsCF@-;6MpEE;R$rJ,8w$7!$7kA|$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!$L5@~?'$K$h$jNI9%$J%3%s%H%i%9%H$G9bJ,;R$r4Q;!$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$G$"$j!$$5$i$K!$85AG%^%C%T%s%0!$(BEELS$B$rJ;MQ$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!$9=B$$rDjNLE*$K2r@O$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$H$J$j!$F@$i$l$k>pJsNL$ODL>o$N(BTEM$B$KHf$Y$O$k$+$K9b$/$J$k!#9bJ,;R3&LL$O!$J#9g:`NA!$EIKl!$@\Ce$J$I9bJ,;R:`NA$N$$$m$$$m$J6ILL$K$*$$$F:`NA$N@-G=!$5!G=$K1F6A$rM?$($k!#2f!9$O!$9bJ,;R3&LL$N2r@O$K(BEFTEM$B$rE,MQ$7!$3&LL%J%N9=B$$HJ*@-$H$NAj4X$K4X$7$F8&5f$r9T$C$F$-$?!#K\9V1i$G$O!$85AG%^%C%T%s%0$K$h$k9bJ,;R3&LL$N2D;k2=$H(BImageEELS$B$K$h$k85AGAH@.$NDjNLE*2r@O$r9T$$!$3&LL@\Ce6/EY$H3&LL%J%N9=B$$H$NAj4X!$5Z$S%4%`:`NA$K$*$1$kL55!%U%#%i!<$H%4%`$H$NAj8_:nMQ$K4X$9$k8&5fNc$r>R2p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B18$B!K%7%j%+7O%J%N:Y9&:`NA$N(BTEM$B4Q;!(B

$B:4!9LZM%5H!J:bCDK!?M%U%!%$%s%;%i%_%C%/%9%;%s%?!

$B!!;@2=7>AG$rH=H$B!!%J%N6u4V:`NA$O!$7k>=9=B$$KM3Mh$7$F7A@.$5$l$kHy:Y$J:Y9&%A%c%s%M%k$,5!G=>l$H$7$FMxMQ$5$l$k!#K\8&5f$G$O!$(BCCD$B%+%a%i$rMQ$$$?DcEE;R@~>H+$B"M(BAg⁺) $B>uBV$,!$A|4Q;!$K$h$C$FH=JL2DG=$G$"$k$3$H$r3NG'$7$?!#(B

$B!!$^$?!$AX>u%1%$;@1vFb$G$NM-5!%+%A%*%s$N%_%;%k7A@.$K$h$C$F!$Hs>=AG$rJI$H$9$kD>7BLs(B3nm$B$N:Y9&%A%c%s%M%k$,0lHR2p$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B19$B!K!!EE;R@~%[%m%0%i%U%#!<$K$h$k%_%/%m!A%J%NNN0h$NEE>l!&<'>l$N4Q;!(B

$BJ?;3!!;J!J:bCDK!?M%U%!%$%s%;%i%_%C%/%9%;%s%?!

$B!!??6uCf$d;nNACf$NEE>l!&<'>l$rEE;R@~%[%m%0%i%U%#!<$G4Q;!$9$k$3$H$r82Hy6@3XE*$KI=8=$9$l$P!$!V=c0LAjJ*BN$rF)2a$7$?EE;RGH$NDc6u4V<~GH?t0LAj>pJs$r6/EY>pJs$KJQ49$7$F2hA|I=<($9$k!W$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k!#$^$?!$$3$l$O!V8+$($J$$$b$N$rL5@w?'$G4Q$k!W$H$$$&K\9V1i2q$N$B!!EE;R@~%[%m%0%i%U%#!<$O!$(BGabor$B$,EE;R%l%s%:$N<}:9$rJd@5$9$k$H$$$&L\E*$G(B1940$BG/Be$K9M0F$7$?HGH!K$r=E$M9g$o$;$F43>D$5$;$k$3$H$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$k!#$3$N(B2$B$D$NEE;RGH$r43>D$5$;$k$N$K;H$&$N$,EE;R@~%P%$%W%j%:%`$G$"$k!#F@$i$l$?43>DpJs$O43>D

$B!!;#1F$7$?%[%m%0%i%`$O!$0JA0$O%^%C%O%D%(%s%@!<43>D7W$H8F$P$l$k8w3XAuCV$rMQ$$$F:F@8$7$?$,!$:G6a$G$O%3%s%T%e!<%?!<$rMQ$$$?2r@O$,pJs$rCj=P$7!$;nNAD>2<$NJ#AGGHF0>l$r5a$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#J#AGGHF0>l$O;k3PE*$KI=8=$7$K$/$$$N$G!$0LAj$N79$-$rG;C8$GI=$9!V0LAjJ,I[A|!W$dF1$80LAjCM$NItJ,$rEy0LAj@~$H$7$F7k$V!V43>D82Hy6@A|!W$J$I$GI=8=$9$k!#(B

 

$B!J(B20$B!K!!JP8w$H0LAj:9$K$h$k@8BN;nNA$N2D;k2=4Q;!!]!]8w3X82Hy6@$G$_$k?t==(Bnm$B$N@$3&!]!](B

$B2CF#!!70!J;:6H5;=QAm9g8&5f=j!&G>?@7P>pJs8&5fItLg!K(B

$B!!$3$NH/I=$G$O!$JP8w$H0LAj:9$K$h$k!$0LAjJ*BN$H$7$F$N@8BN;nNA$N8w3X82Hy6@4Q;!$N%(%C%;%s%9$r

$B!ZJP8w4Q;!$N35@b![J#6~@^$O8w3XE*0[J}@-$N0l$D$G$"$k!#JP8w82Hy6@$G4Q;!$G$-$k!#J#6~@^$N4Q;!$O!$0LAj:9$H4X78$,?<$$!#J#6~@^@-$N;nNA$N3&LL$G!$8wGH$O!$(Bo$BGH$H(Be$BGH$H$$$&(B2$B$D$NGH$KJ,$+$l$k!#;nNAF)2a8e$K(Bo$BGH$H(Be$BGH$N4V$K0LAj:9!J%j%?%G!<%7%g%s!K$r@8$8$k$,!$JP8w82Hy6@$O!$(Bo$BGH$H(Be$BGH$N0LAj:9$r8!=P$9$k$N$G$"$k!#(B

$B!ZJP8w82Hy6@$H%7%s%d%9%3!<%W![:G$b4JJX$JJP8w82Hy6@$O!$BPJ*B&!$%3%s%G%s%5!uBV$G!$>C8wHf$,(B100$BK|$G$b!$F1$8JP8w4o$r82Hy6@$KAH$_9~$`$H!$>C8wHf$ODc2<$7$F$7$^$&!#$3$l$r2~A1$7$?$N$,!$%l%/%F%#%U%!%$%"!e?.LiGn;N$N9M0F!K$G$"$k!#$3$N82Hy6@$G!$0f>e$i$O!$@:;RFbIt$N@w?'BN$N9=B$$,D4$Y!$:YK&Cf$N(BDNA$B9=B$$N:G=i$NCN8+$r=P$7$?!#(B

$B!Z(BPolscope$B![JP8w82Hy6@$G$N2r@O$G$O!$2sE>%9%F!<%8$G$N;nNA$N2sE>A`:n$,I,?\$G!$2hA|=hM}$K$OFk@w$^$J$$!#$=$3$G!$;nNA$r8GDj$7!$JP8wGH$N?6F0J}8~$H>uBV$rEE;R@)8f$7!$%5%s%W%k$N%j%?%G!<%7%g%s$r7WB,$9$k82Hy6@%7%9%F%`(B(PolScope)$B$,9M0F$5$l$?!#;d$O$3$N%7%9%F%`$NN)$A>e$2$H@8BN;nNA4Q;!$X$N1~MQ$K7B?t==(Bnm$B!K$rL5@w?'$G2D;k2=$9$k$3$H$K@.8y$7$?!#(Bmovie$B$r8r$($F>R2p$9$k!#(B

$B!ZJP8w$+$i0LAj:9$X![JP8w82Hy6@$O!$@8:YK&Fb$NHy7k>=$r4Q;!$G$-$k$,!$%i%s%@%`$JJ}8~$r$H$kCAGr$O4Q;!$G$-$J$$!#CAGr

 

$B!J(B21$B!K!!%"%]%G%#%

$BBgBmC#O/!J3t<02q

$B!!0LAj:982Hy6@$O!$@8:YK&$NL5@w?'4Q;!$K0RNO$rH/4x$9$k!#6aG/2f!9$O!$0LAj:982Hy6@$N7gE@$G$"$k%O%m$r8:$8!$0LAj:9$N8!=PNO$r9b$a$?%"%]%G%#%.4o41$N%"%/%A%sB+$dpyN3Ey$N4Q;!$KE,$9$k!#$3$N%"%]%G%#%$B!!0LAj:9K!$K$h$kA|%3%s%H%i%9%H$O!$0LAjJ*BN$G@8$8$kD>@\8w$H2s@^8w$NJQD4$7$?9g@.$GF@$i$l$k!#0LAj:9$,Hy>.$J>l9g!$2s@^8w6/EY$O0LAj:9$KHfNc$9$k!#8!=PNO$r9b$a$k$?$a$K$OD>@\8w$N6/EY$ru$N0LAjHD$K!$%"%]%G%#%]$N2s@^8w$NBgItJ,$OJQD4$,L5$/!$9b%3%s%H%i%9%H$NA|$,F@$i$l$k!#(B

$B!!7k2L$O!$D>7B(B20 - 60 nm$B$N%"%/%A%sB+$d%9%H%l%9%U%!%$%P!<$rL5@w?'$N@8:YK&Fb$G2D;k2=$G$-$?$3$H$K2C$(!$L@$k$$8w3X7O$rMxMQ$7$F%?%$%`%i%W%9A|$H$7$FB*$($?!#%_%H%3%s%I%j%"$d3KKl$bNI9%$K2D;k2=$G$-$F$$$k!#$5$i$KFCD'E*$J$3$H$O!$A|$NDc<~GH?t@.J,$rDc%3%s%H%i%9%H$K$9$k8z2L$G!$CGAXE*$JA|$rF@$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#$3$N$h$&$K%"%]%G%#%