Ion channels, receptors and cell-adhesion molecules in neurons and epithelial cells will be introduced from the point of view of their structure, function, regulation and analytical methods. In the 1st and 2nd lectures of this lecture series, the history and prospects of structure-function relationship studies of ion channels will be explained with various methodologies, such as "molecular movie" imaging of dynamic ion channels using an X-ray free electron laser. In the 3rd and 4th lectures, the molecular mechanisms and roles of cell adhesion and cell polarity will be introduced from the viewpoint of cell biology. In the 5th lecture, analysis methods of protein structures, including X-ray, NMR, and cryo-EM analysis, will be explained. In the 6th lecture, the regulatory mechanisms of dynamic cytoskeletons in neurons will be explained with the latest measurement methods. In the 7th and 8th lectures, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms for synaptic transmission and the physiopathological mechanisms for synaptic disorders. Especially, ionotropic glutamate receptors will be highlighted.